As a cornerstone measure for myopia prevention and control, outdoor activity has achieved widespread consensus in both professional and public domains regarding its scientific value and public health significance. To align with the strategic framework outlined in the National Implementation Plan for Comprehensive Myopia Prevention and Control in Children and Adolescents, there is an urgent need to update the evidence-based strategies and optimize intervention protocols through rigorous clinical and public health research. Recent studies highlight the multidimensional protective effects of outdoor activity, particularly the synergistic roles of sustained duration, effective light exposure (e.g.,≥2 000 lux), and moderate physical activity, as key elements myopia prevention. While the preventive benefits for non-myopic children are well established, outdoor activity demonstrates limited impact on controlling myopia progression in affected individuals. Meanwhile, high-risk groups such as premyopic children, exhibited low sensitivity to outdoor activity intervention. Therefore, integrating outdoor activity with other interventions to enhance prevention effectiveness in high-risk myopia populations emerges as a priority for precision prevention. Importantly, even when outdoor activity yields modest effects on myopia mitigation, extensive evidence highlights its broader health benefits, including reduced obesity and depressive risks and improved academic performance. Consequently, “sunlight-based physical education” should be promoted as a universal population-wide intervention. Additionally, suboptimal adherence remains a major barrier to maximizing intervention outcomes. Future strategies should simultaneously improve both the quality and quantity of outdoor activity, refine the identification of high-risk groups, and optimize integrated interventions, thereby enhancing the overall effectiveness of outdoor-based myopia prevention programs.

“Physical and health ”education curriculum serves as a core vehicle for school based health promotion, playing a crucial role in enhancing children’s physical fitness and overall health. Currently, Chinese children and adolescents face multiple health challenges, including myopia (prevalence: 51.9% in 2022), overweight/obesity (22.6%), and mental health issues. The “physical and health” education curriculum can significantly improve children’s physical fitness, mental health, and health literacy through diversified sports programs and systematic health education. However, challenges, such as exam oriented teaching, monotonous content, and insufficient teacher training hinder the realization of their full potential. Future efforts should focus on optimizing curriculum design, strengthening teacher training, improving evaluation systems, and establishing family school community collaborative mechanisms to maximize the comprehensive benefits of the “physical and health” education curriculum in promoting lifelong health among children.

With the advancement of the digital era, the comorbidity rates of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Screen Dependency Disorder (SDD, encompassing internet/gaming/smartphone addiction) among children and adolescents are increasingly prevalent, yet the bidirectional relationship and neurobiological mechanisms between the two remain inadequately systematized. This study conducted a systematic literature review by searching PubMed and PsycINFO databases using keywords including [ADHD] combined with [internet] [internet addiction] [smartphone] [smartphone addiction] [game] [game addiction] [screen] and [screen addiction], and screened studies published within the last decade, aiming to elucidate the correlations between ADHD and SDD (including its various behavioral subtypes), and clarify the pathological mechanisms underlying this bidirectional relationship, and provide evidence-based support for the health promotion and behavioral management in children with ADHD. The findings indicated that excessive screen exposure associated with SDD would significantly increase the risk of ADHD, with proposed mechanisms including theta/beta EEG imbalance, hyperactivation of the dopaminergic reward pathway, cortisol dysregulation, and altered synaptic plasticity within the amygdala-nucleus accumbens circuit.While for SDD, ADHD deficits including executive function impairments, a preference for immediate rewards, and emotional dysregulation predispose children with ADHD to excessive immersion in highly stimulating, immediate-feedback online and gaming activities, establishing a vicious cycle of “Executive Function Deficits-Screen Dependency-Impaired Neurodevelopment”. Regarding the differences between ADHD presentations, the predominantly inattentive presentation is more prone to Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD) or Problematic Internet Use (PIU), while the combined and predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentations are more closely linked with Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD). Future research should employ longitudinal studies to clarify causal pathways, integrate multimodal approaches (neuroimaging, biochemical assays, genetic studies) to identify early biomarkers, differentiate the impacts of distinct types of screen activities, and develop personalized intervention strategies integrating pharmacological treatment, behavioral therapy, family support, and digital health technologies, ultimately aiming to build a comprehensive prevention and management framework for children and adolescents with ADHD adapted to the challenges of the digital age.

Adolescence represents a developmental period marked by heightened vulnerability to circadian rhythm disruptions and externalizing/internalizing problem behaviors. Emerging evidences have identified significant associations between sleep chronotypes (i.e., morning type, intermediate type, and evening type) and psychosocial adjustment, with the evening chronotype emerging as a salient risk factor for the development of externalizing/internalizing problem behaviors. Endocrine function, emotion dysregulation, light exposure, and neurobiological mechanisms of brain reward circuitry, may partially explain the impact of chronotypes on problem behaviors. Future research should strengthen prospective studies to further explore the multidimensional underlying mechanisms between chronotypes and problem behaviors.

Mental health issues (particularly depression and anxiety) among children and adolescents in China have emerged as an urgent public health concern. However, the comorbidity between mental health disorders and neurodevelopmental disorders in this population is common but often overlooked during routine screening, clinical assessment, and diagnostic evaluation. This issue is frequently attributed to the singularity of tools and objectives in routine screening, time constraints and unidisciplinary thinking patterns during clinical assessments, as well as the fragmented approach in diagnosis and intervention. This article aims to systematically elucidate the challenges of this comorbidity and explore corresponding countermeasures.

Perinatal depression and anxiety have become significant global public health challenges, not only severely impairing maternal short- and long-term physical and mental health, but also may potentially exerting adverse effects on children’s various developmental outcomes, including emotional and social development. With the implementation of the “three-child policy” and the increasing proportion of elderly parturients, the severity of this issue in China has become increasingly pronounced, posing dual threats to maternal and child health that urgently require systematic intervention. While previous studies have mostly focused on the impact of maternal perinatal anxiety and depression on the growth, and cognitive development of offspring, recent years have witnessed growing interest in their effects on children’s emotional and social functioning. This review synthesizes evidence from recent five years of research to elucidate the impact of maternal perinatal depression and anxiety on children’s emotional and social development and highlights critical directions for future investigation.

Shanghai faces complex challenges regarding child and adolescent health amidst rapid socioeconomic development, including the coexistence of multiple diseases and diverse health needs. Based on surveillance data from the Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, multi-sector collaborative materials, and school-based intervention practices, this paper systematically analyzes the major health issues confronting in the targeted population, including the persistent threat of infectious diseases, high comorbidity rates of common diseases, increasingly prominent psychological problems and injuries. In recent years, Shanghai has been continuously advancing the integrated monitoring and intervention of multi-disease and health risk factors across all 16 districts, establishing a comprehensive health intervention network and implementing the “Six Major Intervention Initiatives” to enhance public health management. Meanwhile, Shanghai has established municipal-level health promotion lecture teams and expert group, strengthened cross-regional collaborations and demonstration initiatives, while developing a Health Vice Principal (Campus) System-centric technical support framework in schools and kindergarten to advance integrated child and adolescent health service models. This has culminated in a “monitoring-assessment-intervention-promotion” integrated operational framework, providing replicable and practical models for child and adolescent health promotion in megacities.

Objective To propose a cloud platform-based management model for child growth and development cohorts and overcome the high costs that often lead to the termination of traditional cohort studies, and to enhance China’s child health monitoring capacity. Methods Led by Zhejiang University and Peking University, an expert committee was established in collaboration with multiple authoritative institutions across China, including universities, hospitals, provincial health information centers, and disease control and prevention centers. Over 10 months, systematic literature reviews were conducted to formulate the consensus on five key areas: Conceptual framework, establishment pathways, existing Chinese practice, technological implementation, and promotion strategies. Results The consensus ultimately proposed several core recommendations including a dual-stage development pathway (secure research platform → controlled data export), a dual-committee collaborative governance structure (scientific committee + data management committee), a four-layer security protection system, and a multi-source data standardization and integration mechanism. Conclusions This model provides a comprehensive child growth and development monitoring system covering the entire lifecycle (0-18 years), enabling a shift from traditional active follow-up to government-data-driven passive acquisition model. It offers standardized, replicable, and scalable solutions for cohort management and research professionals involved in child growth and development cohort follow-up in China, holding significant implications for elevating China’s child health monitoring capacity.