As a cornerstone measure for myopia prevention and control, outdoor activity has achieved widespread consensus in both professional and public domains regarding its scientific value and public health significance. To align with the strategic framework outlined in the National Implementation Plan for Comprehensive Myopia Prevention and Control in Children and Adolescents, there is an urgent need to update the evidence-based strategies and optimize intervention protocols through rigorous clinical and public health research. Recent studies highlight the multidimensional protective effects of outdoor activity, particularly the synergistic roles of sustained duration, effective light exposure (e.g.,≥2 000 lux), and moderate physical activity, as key elements myopia prevention. While the preventive benefits for non-myopic children are well established, outdoor activity demonstrates limited impact on controlling myopia progression in affected individuals. Meanwhile, high-risk groups such as premyopic children, exhibited low sensitivity to outdoor activity intervention. Therefore, integrating outdoor activity with other interventions to enhance prevention effectiveness in high-risk myopia populations emerges as a priority for precision prevention. Importantly, even when outdoor activity yields modest effects on myopia mitigation, extensive evidence highlights its broader health benefits, including reduced obesity and depressive risks and improved academic performance. Consequently, “sunlight-based physical education” should be promoted as a universal population-wide intervention. Additionally, suboptimal adherence remains a major barrier to maximizing intervention outcomes. Future strategies should simultaneously improve both the quality and quantity of outdoor activity, refine the identification of high-risk groups, and optimize integrated interventions, thereby enhancing the overall effectiveness of outdoor-based myopia prevention programs.

School health work serves as a solid foundation for health education and health promotion among children and adolescents, with campus infectious disease prevention and control being a crucial component of this work. With socio-economic development, the predominant issues related to infectious diseases have gradually evolved. Currently, the public health emergencies confronted by primary and secondary schools primarily stem from respiratory infectious diseases (such as influenza, pertussis, and mumps) and gastrointestinal infectious diseases (such as norovirus-induced infectious diarrhea and hand, foot, and mouth disease). In addition, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as HIV, gonorrhea, syphilis, and HPV infection among the student population have become increasingly prominent. To address these challenges, multiple departments in China have issued a series of targeted guiding documents aimed at strengthening campus infectious disease prevention and control and enhancing the simultaneous prevention of multiple diseases. Typically, campus infectious disease Control initiatives commence by addressing the three fundamental links in the transmission process of infectious diseases: controlling the source of infection, cutting off the routes of transmission, and protecting susceptible populations. A multi-pronged approach is adopted: In terms of controlling the source of infection, efforts are made to strengthen the monitoring and early warning of infectious diseases to promptly detect and contain outbreaks. Regarding cutting off transmission routes: A hygienic and healthy campus environment is cultivated to reduce opportunities for pathogen proliferation and dissemination. To protect susceptible populations, active promotion of vaccination is undertaken to elevate the immune levels of the student population. Health education is also deepened to enhance the awareness and capabilities of teachers, students, and parents in infectious disease prevention and control. Simultaneously, comprehensive school health services are implemented to safeguard the physical and mental well-being of students. Against the backdrop of the cross-transmission or concurrent prevalence of numerous campus infectious diseases, which severely impact the student population, constructinga multi-disease co-prevention system is imperative to achieve effective prevention and control of campus infectious diseases, thereby safeguarding the healthy learning and growth of children and adolescents.

“Physical and health ”education curriculum serves as a core vehicle for school based health promotion, playing a crucial role in enhancing children’s physical fitness and overall health. Currently, Chinese children and adolescents face multiple health challenges, including myopia (prevalence: 51.9% in 2022), overweight/obesity (22.6%), and mental health issues. The “physical and health” education curriculum can significantly improve children’s physical fitness, mental health, and health literacy through diversified sports programs and systematic health education. However, challenges, such as exam oriented teaching, monotonous content, and insufficient teacher training hinder the realization of their full potential. Future efforts should focus on optimizing curriculum design, strengthening teacher training, improving evaluation systems, and establishing family school community collaborative mechanisms to maximize the comprehensive benefits of the “physical and health” education curriculum in promoting lifelong health among children.

With the advancement of the digital era, the comorbidity rates of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Screen Dependency Disorder (SDD, encompassing internet/gaming/smartphone addiction) among children and adolescents are increasingly prevalent, yet the bidirectional relationship and neurobiological mechanisms between the two remain inadequately systematized. This study conducted a systematic literature review by searching PubMed and PsycINFO databases using keywords including [ADHD] combined with [internet] [internet addiction] [smartphone] [smartphone addiction] [game] [game addiction] [screen] and [screen addiction], and screened studies published within the last decade, aiming to elucidate the correlations between ADHD and SDD (including its various behavioral subtypes), and clarify the pathological mechanisms underlying this bidirectional relationship, and provide evidence-based support for the health promotion and behavioral management in children with ADHD. The findings indicated that excessive screen exposure associated with SDD would significantly increase the risk of ADHD, with proposed mechanisms including theta/beta EEG imbalance, hyperactivation of the dopaminergic reward pathway, cortisol dysregulation, and altered synaptic plasticity within the amygdala-nucleus accumbens circuit.While for SDD, ADHD deficits including executive function impairments, a preference for immediate rewards, and emotional dysregulation predispose children with ADHD to excessive immersion in highly stimulating, immediate-feedback online and gaming activities, establishing a vicious cycle of “Executive Function Deficits-Screen Dependency-Impaired Neurodevelopment”. Regarding the differences between ADHD presentations, the predominantly inattentive presentation is more prone to Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD) or Problematic Internet Use (PIU), while the combined and predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentations are more closely linked with Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD). Future research should employ longitudinal studies to clarify causal pathways, integrate multimodal approaches (neuroimaging, biochemical assays, genetic studies) to identify early biomarkers, differentiate the impacts of distinct types of screen activities, and develop personalized intervention strategies integrating pharmacological treatment, behavioral therapy, family support, and digital health technologies, ultimately aiming to build a comprehensive prevention and management framework for children and adolescents with ADHD adapted to the challenges of the digital age.

Perinatal depression and anxiety have become significant global public health challenges, not only severely impairing maternal short- and long-term physical and mental health, but also may potentially exerting adverse effects on children’s various developmental outcomes, including emotional and social development. With the implementation of the “three-child policy” and the increasing proportion of elderly parturients, the severity of this issue in China has become increasingly pronounced, posing dual threats to maternal and child health that urgently require systematic intervention. While previous studies have mostly focused on the impact of maternal perinatal anxiety and depression on the growth, and cognitive development of offspring, recent years have witnessed growing interest in their effects on children’s emotional and social functioning. This review synthesizes evidence from recent five years of research to elucidate the impact of maternal perinatal depression and anxiety on children’s emotional and social development and highlights critical directions for future investigation.

Adolescence represents a developmental period marked by heightened vulnerability to circadian rhythm disruptions and externalizing/internalizing problem behaviors. Emerging evidences have identified significant associations between sleep chronotypes (i.e., morning type, intermediate type, and evening type) and psychosocial adjustment, with the evening chronotype emerging as a salient risk factor for the development of externalizing/internalizing problem behaviors. Endocrine function, emotion dysregulation, light exposure, and neurobiological mechanisms of brain reward circuitry, may partially explain the impact of chronotypes on problem behaviors. Future research should strengthen prospective studies to further explore the multidimensional underlying mechanisms between chronotypes and problem behaviors.

季成叶教授是中国儿童青少年卫生研究领域最有影响力的专家之一,是推动我国儿童青少年健康发展的里程碑式人物,他毕生以赤子之心,守护儿童青少年的健康成长,用执着与热爱,书写了科学家的生命华章。2015年8月15日,先生溘然长逝,留给我们无尽追思。时值先生逝世10周年之际,为缅怀其在科学研究和教书育人中的巍巍成就,感念其“明德厚道、尚仁出新”的治学风范，谨撰此文以志永怀。先生德泽,山高水长。今以寸心爝火,接续先生未竟之业,续写儿童青少年健康事业的星辰大海。