To enhance influenza prevention and control capabilities in schools, this consensus proposes a comprehensive strategy for influenza prevention and control in schools, based on domestic and international research and practices, encompassing the following key components: (1) General prevention strategy: Non-pharmaceutical interventions, including isolating sources of infection, strengthening hand hygiene, and ventilation can effectively reduce transmission in schools, requiring further implementation. (2) Vaccination campaign optimization: Annual influenza vaccination is the most cost-effective measures to protect students from influenza and severe complications, reducing school closures due to outbreaks, minimizing absenteeism, and parental work disruptions. Key strategies include policy requirements, safeguards, and advocacy to improve vaccination accessibility, and convenience for students, through optimized campus vaccination programs. (3) Addressing awareness gaps and prioritizing health campaign: Significant knowledge gaps on the threat of influenza and vaccine safety profiles are found among key stakeholders (parents, school healthcare providers, teachers, school administrators, and students), especially in rural and disadvantaged areas. Targeted health education focusing on differentiating influenza from common colds, vaccine efficacy, and daily protective measures is essential to enhance health literacy through multi-channel campaigns. (4) Strengthening organizational systems and multisectoral collaboration: School healthcare staffing should meet public health demands, with enhanced training for healthcare personnel. A collaborative framework involving schools, CDCs, and communities, health services is essential. Joint efforts by education, health, and CDC authorities are needed to formulate integrated plans, emphasizing surveillance, vaccination oversight, and building a “family-school-community-healthcare” system. (5) Policy support for influenza prevention: Comprehensive policy frameworks are critical to improving prevention efficacy in schools. (6) Contingency plan: Schools should establish emergency response plans to enforce daily health checks, symptom surveillance, ventilation, and disinfection, while standardizing management via the “two plans and nine systems” framework. This consensus emphasizes the importance of policy-driven vaccination campaigns, optimized organization and multi-dimensional health education to establish a scientific, efficient and school-based prevention system, reducing the burden of respiratory infectious diseases and safeguarding children and adolescents’ health and educational continuity.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of infectious disease symptoms and the implementation of suspension measures in primary and secondary schools in a district of Beijing, and to provide evidence-based insights for optimizing campus infectious disease prevention strategies. Methods Between February 2023 and February 2025, data were collected from 4 186 primary and secondary school students in a district, Beijing, using a stratified random sampling method. Descriptive statistics and time series analysis were employed to examine the prevalence of symptoms across different categories, school levels, and seasons, as well as the school suspension metrics. Results Fever was the most frequently reported symptom (3 834 cases, 87.1%). Among all symptoms, school suspension measures related to herpes were the most stringent, with a weighted average suspension duration of 9.3 d and an implementation rate of 79.1%. Differences in suspension responses were observed across school levels: In primary schools, the suspension rate for fever cases was 60.5%, compared to 43.2% in secondary schools. For herpes cases, suspension rate reached 86.8% in primary schools, while secondary schools reported only 13 cases, yet related classes still maintained 10 d suspensions. Seasonally, autumn semester fever cases averaged 4.6 d suspensions, exceeding the 3.6 days observed in spring. Conclusions The predominant infectious disease symptom among primary and secondary school students is fever, with herpes posing notable seasonal risks. Primary schools emerged as key targets for prevention and control, while asymptomatic transmission in secondaryschools warrants heightened vigilance.

Objective To investigate the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) characteristics of Chinese parents regarding influenza vaccination for school-aged children and the factors, and to provide a scientific basis for optimizing childhood influenza prevention and control strategies. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from July to December 2024 in Chengdu, Nanjing, and Wuhan. Stratified cluster sampling was used to recruit parents of elementary and secondary school students. Data on demographic characteristics, vaccine awareness, influenza prevention knowledge, protective behaviors, and health-influencing factors were collected via questionnaires. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess KAP levels and their influencing factors. Results A total of 2 656 valid questionnaires were collected. Parents exhibited relatively high overall knowledge (94.99% compliance) and positive attitudes (96.01% compliance) regarding student influenza vaccination, but behavioral compliance was low (38.29%). Parents of junior high and high school students showed lower behavioral compliance (junior high: OR=0.56, 95%CI=0.42-0.75; senior high: OR=0.38, 95%CI=0.22-0.63), while mothers demonstrated reduced compliance (OR=0.49, 95%CI=0.24-0.99). Parents in Chengdu exhibited stronger vaccination engagement (OR=2.84, 95%CI=2.17-3.72). Additionally, parental education level, student health status, family residence location, and parental age significantly influenced KAP levels. Primary barriers to vaccination stemmed from safety concerns (45.44%), whereas drivers included protecting personal health (74.06%), school vaccination requirements (51.55%), and safeguarding family or friends (51.13%). Conclusions This multicity survey reveals that urban parents possess high influenza-related knowledge and positive attitudes but exhibit suboptimal vaccination behaviors, highlighting the complexity of translating KAP into action. Key barriers include vaccine safety concerns, older student age, and maternal roles. Future strategies should enhance school-based influenza prevention and vaccination publicity, provide clear evidence of vaccine safety, and integrate regional healthcare resources. Future strategies should prioritize school-based vaccination campaigns, evidence-based safety communication, and integrated regional healthcare resources to bridge the KAP-behavior gap, thereby enhancing influenza vaccination coverage and refining immunization policies.

Objective To explore the current status of hyperopic reserve and its associations with lutein and zeaxanthin intake in preschool children, and to provide a foundation for future nutrition-based interventions and preventive strategies against insufficient hyperopia reserve. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2024 using random cluster sampling. A total of 524 children aged 3-6 years from six kindergartens in Gulou District, Nanjing, were enrolled. Hyperopic reserve was assessed via cycloplegic refraction using the Welch Allyn SPOT Vision Screener. Serum lutein concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Multivariate logistic regression analyzed associations between lutein/zeaxanthin intake and hyperopic reserve status. Results The prevalence of insufficient hyperopic reserve was 14.5% (72/497), with no significant gender difference (12.9% in boys vs. 16.3% in girls). After adjusting for parental myopia and vitamin A supplementation, children with combined lutein + zeaxanthin supplementation exhibited a 4.01-fold higher odds of adequate hyperopic reserve compared to non-supplement users (OR=4.01, 95% CI: 1.33 ~ 14.27, P=0.03). Conclusion The prevalence of insufficient hyperopic reserve among preschool children in Gulou District of Nanjing is 14.5%, which is relatively low, but it still needs attention.

Objective To investigate the prevalence and incidence of co-occurrence of myopia and obesity among school-age children, and their influencing factors in Shanghai, and to provide scientific evidence for developing coordinated prevention strategies. Methods Data from the control group of the Shanghai Time Outside to Reduce Myopia Trial (STORM) were collected. During October and November 2016, a multistage random cluster sampling method was employed to recruit first- and second-grade students from eight schools in eight districts in Shanghai. After a three-year follow-up, a tota1 of 1 600 students with complete data were included in the final analysis. Questionnaires, physical examinations, and ophthalmic assessments were conducted at both baseline and follow-up. Univariate analysis and ordinal logistic regression were used to identify factors associated with the co-occurrence of myopia and obesity. Results At baseline, the prevalence of co-occurred myopia and obesity was 2.56% (41/1 600), increased to 18.13% (290/1 600) at follow-up. Among 905 healthy children at baseline, 6.08% (55/905) developed co-occurred myopia and obesity during follow-up. Multivariate analysis showed that longer outdoor time after school (OR=0.99, P=0.02) and living in suburban areas (OR=0.54, P<0.01) were associated with a lower risk, while having both parents with myopia significantly increased the risk (OR=1.69, P<0.01). Conclusions The co-occurrence of myopia and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents is an emerging public health concern. Both behavioral and environmental factors contribute to its development. Early identification of high-risk populations and integrated interventions targeting shared risk factors are essential for coordinated prevention of these chronic conditions.

Objective To understand the health status of college students in Guangzhou, and to provide evidence for college health management. Methods A statistical analysis was conducted on the physical examination results of 9 705 freshmen who enrolled at the university from 2020 to 2023, mainly focused on the differences in the prevalence of abnormal results by year and gender. Results There were 9 016 students (92.9 %) with abnormal physical examination results. The prevalence rates of poor vision from 2020 to 2022 were 83.1%, 78.2% and 70.7%, respectively,showing a decreasing trend year by year (χ2=180.29, P<0.05). The prevalence rates of poor vision rebounded in 2023 (84.63%), showing no differences compared with those in 2020 (83.1%) (P>0.05). In 2022 and 2023, there was no significant difference in the prevalence rates of abnormal liver function (15.3%, 16.8%), abnormal renal function (55.6%,57.9%), anemia (2.4%, 2.1%), hyperglycemia (0.6%, 0.7%) and abnormal weight (47.3%, 49.6%) between the two groups (P>0.05). However, these prevalence rates showed statistical differences compared with the copying indicators from 2020 to 2021 (P<0.05). The prevalence rates of hypertension (12.7%) and abnormal electrocardiogram (9.5%) in 2023 were statistically different from those in other years (P<0.05). The prevalence rates of hypertension (13.6%), abnormal electrocardiogram (6.4%), abnormal liver function, and abnormal kidney function (17.6%, 61.7% ) and abnormal weight (65%) in male students were higher than those in female students (P<0.05). The prevalence rates of poor vision (83.3%) and anemia (6.5%) in female students were higher than those in male students (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence rates of hyperglycemia between male- and female-students (P>0.05). The prevalence rates of hypertension, abnormal liver function, abnormal kidney function, and high blood glucose showed an increasing trend year by year (P<0.05), while the prevalence rates of anemia and abnormal weight showed a decreasing trend year by year (P<0.05). Conclusions The prevalence rates of abnormal physical examination results of freshmen is relatively high. There are differences in different years and genders regarding poor eyesight, hypertension, abnormal electrocardiogram results, abnormal liver and kidney function, anemia, and abnormal body weight. The university should strengthen health management and formulate targeted intervention measures.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological patterns of campus infectious diseases in northern China and their factors, and to propose targeted prevention and control strategies for improving school health management system in China. Methods Based on the monitoring data of common diseases and health-related factors among students in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from 2021 to 2023, covering 12 leagues and cities and 103 counties (cities, districts), descriptive analysis, chi-square tests, and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were performed to quantify the associations between health resource allocation (funding, personnel), multi-departmental collaboration policies, and infectious disease reporting rates. Results From 2021 to 2023, tuberculosis exhibited the highest reported incidence rate among Class A and B infectious diseases, followed by brucellosis and viral hepatitis. Within Class C diseases, influenza demonstrated the highest reporting rate, with hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) and mumps ranking closely (both>70%). Notable upward trends were observed for pertussis and HFMD (32.1% increase). Correlation analysis further revealed that the total workforce in health administrative departments was inversely correlated with reporting rates of tuberculosis (P=0.041) and brucellosis (P=0.007). School healthcare personnel density significantly correlated with influenza (P=0.006) and syphilis (P=0.001) reporting rates. Among policy-related factors, only syphilis reporting rates were negatively associated with joint interdepartmental policy issuance (P=0.012). Conclusions The prevention and control of campus infectious diseases in northern China requires attention to regional characteristics and resource allocation efficiency. Recommendations include enhancing classroom air quality monitoring, refining vaccination services, and prioritizing brucellosis health education in pastoral areas.

Objective To compare the differences in the positive rates of influenza among children aged 0-14 in Dingxi from 2022 to 2023, and to analyze the risk factors for influenza infection and severe cases in the area. Methods Based on the influenza surveillance data of children aged 0-14 in the hospital from 2022 to 2023, children aged 0-14 with influenza virus infection who were hospitalized in Dingxi People’s Hospital were enrolled as the case group (n=236), while children of the same age group with non-influenza infection who received health checkups were selected as the control group (n=100). The case group was divided into the mild group (n=152) and the severe group (n=84) based on the severity of the disease. Stepwise logistic regression analysis was applied to explore the risk factors for influenza infection and severe cases. Results The positive rates of influenza among children aged 0-14 from 2022 to 2023 were 11.14% and 14.47%, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=4.127, P=0.042). The dominant types of influenza were the Victoria and seasonal H3. Stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that a history of COVID-19 infection and respiratory disease were the risk factors for influenza infection (P<0.05). The long duration of fever, white blood cell count, neutrophil count, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and comorbid pneumonia were all the risk factors for severe cases (P<0.05). Conclusions Victoria and seasonal H3 types are the dominant types of influenza in 2022-2023. The history of COVID-19 infection and respiratory disease are the risk factors for influenza infection. Meanwhile, long duration of fever, white blood cell count, neutrophil count, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and combined pneumonia are the risk factors for severe cases.

Hearing loss imposes a heavy disease burden on children and adolescents, underscoring the importance of early prevention. To understand the current situation of hearing loss and provide reference for hearing protection, this review summarizes relevant definitions, the latest grading standards, classifications, examination methods, domestic and international noise exposure limits, influencing factors and hearing protection recommendations through literature retrieval. It is found that hearing loss among children and adolescents is influenced by multiple factors, mainly otitis media and noise exposure. It is essential to enhance hearing health literacy, prioritize noise-induced hearing loss mitigation, prevent drug-induced hearing loss, conduct regular hearing tests, and treat infectious diseases promptly.

Objective To analyze the changes of physical health level and overweight and obesity of college students in Ningxia from 2019 to 2023, so as to provide scientific basis for improving the physical health level of the college students. Methods A total of 146 493 college students were selected by random cluster sampling in Ningxia from 2019 to 2023, According to the National Student Physical Health Standard ( revised in 2014 ), the comprehensive score of physical health evaluation was calculated. The difference of physical health levels of college students were analyzed by χ2 test and one-way analysis of variance. The Cochran-Armitage trend test were used to analyze the trend of overweight and obesity of college students. Results From 2019 to 2023, the average height and weight of college students in Ningxia increased continuously, and the fluctuation of physical fitness indexes in 5 years was statistically significant (all P<0.001). The comprehensive scores of physical health of college students were 71.48±7.62, 71.79±7.86, 69.31±8.67, 69.68±9.30 and 72.80±8.47, respectively. In each year, the comprehensive scores of physical health of female students were better than those of male students (all P<0.001), and the differences in the comprehensive scores of physical health of male and female students in different grades were statistically significant (all P<0.001). In the past five years, BMI increased from (21.34±3.31) kg·m-2 in 2019 to (21.51±3.47) kg·m-2 in 2021, and then decreased to (21.22±3.42) kg·m-2 in 2023. The obesity rate increased from 4.49 % in 2019 to 5.38 % in 2021, and then continued to decline to 4.1 % in 2023. The detection rate of overweight and obesity in male students was higher than that in female students in all grades. The detection rates of overweight and obesity in grade 1 male students increased from 15.20 % and 5.78 % to 19.64 % and 10.21 %, respectively (all P<0.05). The detection rates of overweight and obesity in grade 4 female students decreased from 9.28 % and 2.46 % to 6.29 % and 1.52%, respectively (all P<0.05). Conclusions Physical health level of college students in Ningxia is not optimistic. The problem of overweight and obesity is still severe. It is necessary to take corresponding measures to improve their physical health according to the characteristics of students of different genders and grades.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hand-foot-mouth disease in Shapingba of Chongqing from 2016 to 2023, and to provide a basis for the prevention and control of hand-foot-mouth disease. Methods Data of monitoring reports on hand-foot-mouth disease and laboratory pathogen detection of sentinel monitoring in Shapingba during 2016 to 2023, were collected. Descriptive epidemiological methods were applied to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hand-foot-mouth disease in the area. Results A total of 28 932 cases of hand-foot-mouth disease were reported in Shapingba, with an average annual incidence rate of 285.04/100 000. After the COVID-19 (2020-2023), the average annual incidence rate was 206.37/100 000, which was lower than the incidence rate of 382.60/100 000 before the COVID-19 (2016-2019), showing statistically significant differences (χ2=691.73, P<0.01). Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the hand-foot-mouth disease in this area exhibited an epidemiological characteristic of a bimodal distribution in the year and a higher incidence in even-numbered years. After the pandemic, this pattern shifted to a unimodal distribution within a year and a higher incidence in odd years. The high-risk population of hand-foot-mouth disease mainly consisted of children aged 5 and under, with a higher incidence among boys than girls, and the incidence was higher in urban areas than in rural areas. Before and after the pandemic, other entero-viruses were the dominant strains. Conclusions After the COVID-19 pandemic, the incidence of hand-foot-mouth disease in Shapingba is significantly lower than that before the pandemic. There are remarkable changes in the peak-incidence years and months. Therefore, targeted prevention and control measures should be taken to effectively address the situation.

Objective To investigate the current status of myopia, overweight, obesity, dental caries, and other common diseases among primary and secondary students in Nanjing, and to provide scientific evidence for targeted intervention strategies. Methods A random stratified cluster sampling method was employed. Both urban and suburban areas were stratified into two layers, with one district was randomly selected from each layers. In each selected district, two primary schools, two junior high schools, and one senior high school were randomly chosen. Schools were further stratified by grade level, with at least two classes per grade randomly selected to ensure a minimum size of 80 students per grade. Health examinations for common diseases were conducted, and data were analyzed according to gender, grade level, and urban/suburban regions. Results A total of 3 774 primary and secondary students were screened, with the detection rates of common diseases from highest to lowest, were myopia (66.1%), permanent tooth caries (21.9%), obesity (18.6%), overweight (18.0%), deciduous tooth caries (9.1%), malnutrition (6.1%), and spinal curvature abnormalities (2.7%). Comparisons across different grades revealed that the detection rates of myopia, spinal curvature abnormalities, overweight, and permanent tooth caries increased with advancing grades, while those of malnutrition and deciduous tooth caries decreased (P<0.05). Additionally, gender differences showed higher rates of myopia, spinal curvature abnormalities, and permanent tooth caries in female students, while male students had higher rates of malnutrition, overweight, and obesity (P<0.05). Urban-rural comparisons indicated no statistically significant differences in myopia, overweight, and obesity (P>0.05), but significant differences in other diseases (P<0.05). Conclusions The detection rates of myopia, dental caries, overweight, and obesity among primary and secondary school students in Nanjing are relatively high. Therefore, proactive prevention measures should be implemented to reduce the incidence of common diseases among students.

Objective To investigate the factors of poor vision among junior-high school students in Xinbei, and to provide references for the development of scientific prevention and control measures. Methods A total of 1 986 students from three junior high schools in Xinbei, Changzhou, were randomly surveyed with a clustered sampling method. Information of their baselines, visual acuity, and refractive status was collected. Both the single factor and multi factor analysis were applied to analyze the results. Results A total of 1 934 final survey questionnaires were collected, with 1 129 male students (58.38%) and 805 female students (41.62%). The average age of the surveyed junior high school students was (14.18±0.81) years old. Univariate analysis indicated that there were statistically significant differences (all P<0.05) in the gender ratio, grades, family history of myopia, continuous near vision behaviors, and daily outdoor exposure between junior-high school students with normal vision and those with poor vision. The logistic multivariate analysis showed that gender, grade, family history of myopia, continuous near vision behavior and daily outdoor exposure were the factors of poor vision among junior high school students (all P<0.05). The proportion of emmetropia, hyperopia, and high myopia among different grades showed statistically significant differences (all P<0.05). Data of astigmatism, mild myopia, and moderate myopia among different grades showed no statistically significant differences (P>0.05). The proportion of male students with emmetropia, hyperopia, and astigmatism was significantly higher than that of female students (all P<0.05). The proportion of moderate and high myopia in male students was significantly lower than that in female students (both P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of mild myopia between male students and female students (P>0.05). Conclusions The detection rate of abnormal vision among junior high school students in Xinbei District, Changzhou, is significantly high, and myopia is a serious issue. Therefore, it is crucial to strengthen the prevention and control of myopia among junior high school students.

Objective To analyze the willingness of school health personnel to engage and control human papillomavirus (HPV) and to explore the factors influencing student’ guardians in vaccination decision-making, and to provide scientific basis for optimizing school-based HPV prevention strategies and enhancing vaccination coverage. Methods Based on the 2024 Key Population Research Project on Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Schools, questionnaires were conducted among 2 875 school health personnel from 13 provinces and 2 733 student guardians from four of these provinces. Descriptive analyses included t-tests for age comparisons across groups and chi-square tests for categorical variables such as gender, region, and educational level. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify influencing factors, and Cochran’s Q test was used to evaluate multiple reasons behind guardians’ decisions regarding their daughters’ HPV vaccination. Results Among school health personnel, the top three channels for acquiring HPV prevention and vaccination knowledge were district health commissions/education commissions/CDC official WeChat accounts (86.5%), schools (61.8%), and district women’s federations’ official WeChat accounts (42.1%). For parents, the primary sources were schools (68.8%), district health commissions/education commissions/CDC official WeChat accounts (54.8%), and integrated media (35.6%). A total of 88.9% of school health personnel correctly identified the optimal HPV vaccination age as “9-45 years, preferably before first sexual intercourse”, compared to 64.6% of female guardians and 57.9% of male guardians of daughters, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Additionally, 54.2% of school health personnel deemed HPV vaccination necessary for boys, whereas only 24.9% of male guardians held the same view. Factors significantly associated with school health personnel’s willingness to conduct HPV-related health education included being female (OR=0.439, P<0.001), residing in central China (OR=0.707, P=0.046, with western China as the reference), and awareness of the optimal vaccination age (OR=1.718, P=0.005). Among the 1 314 surveyed female guardians, child age (OR=1.757, P<0.001), residence in central China (OR=0.511, P<0.001), and knowledge of the optimal vaccination age (OR=1.646, P<0.001) were key factors influencing decisions regarding their daughters’ HPV vaccination. Among parents of girls having received the HPV vaccine (398, 30.3%), the top two reasons for vaccination were (1) HPV vaccine can prevent diseases related to HPV infection (response rate 34.6%) and (2) it can prevent cervical cancer (response rate 32.5%). The two reasons for not getting vaccinated (916, 69.7%) that had the highest prevalence and response rates were (1) children can rely on their own immunity and do not need to be vaccinated (response rate 11.6%) and (2) the HPV vaccine is ineffective in preventing cervical cancer (response rate 11.5%). Conclusions School health personnel’s willingness to prevent and control HPV is influenced by gender, region, and knowledge, while parents’ vaccination decisions are influenced by their children’s age, region, and knowledge of the vaccine. It is necessary to strengthen school health education, optimize information transmission channels, and enhance parents’ trust in the vaccine, so as to promote the transformation of HPV prevention and control from “cognitive recognition” to “behavioural internalization”, thereby increasing vaccination rates and improving HPV prevention and control strategies in schools.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of refractive status and screening myopia among primary and secondary school students in Jiangning District, Nanjing, 2023, and to provide a scientific basis for myopia prevention and control strategies. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to May 2023, all primary, junior- and senior- high school students in Jiangning District, Nanjing were examined for naked eye distance vision and optometry. The optometry was performed using a non-ciliary muscle paralysis computer automatic optometry instrument. Chi-square tests compared myopia prevalence across genders, grades, and school stages. Results A total of 162 631 students (85 754 males, 76 877 females) were screened. Myopia was detected in 102 964 cases, with an overall prevalence of 63.31%. Females exhibited a higher prevalence (65.51%) than males (61.34%), showing a statistically significant difference (χ2=304.075, P<0.01). The prevalence of myopia increased with school stage: 51.54% in primary school, 85.54% in junior high school, and 91.09% in senior high school. The steepest rise in myopia occurred between grades 1-4. The highest percentage of high myopia growth was observed in grade 5. Conclusions The prevalence of myopia is relatively high in Jiangning, with females and younger students at greater risk. Schools families and society should pay attention to it and take active prevention and control measures to reduce the prevalence of myopia.

Objective To explore the current situation of professional attitudes of five-year higher vocational nursing students, and its relationships with psychological capital, and to provide a reference for higher vocational colleges to cultivate students’ professional attitudes. Methods In November 2023, a total of 665 students spanning grades 1 to 4 from a higher vocational school in Jiangsu were surveyed, with a stratified cluster random sampling method. The general information questionnaire, the Nursing Professional Attitude Scale, and the Psychological Capital Questionnaire were applied for investigation. Results The average score of professional attitude among five-year higher vocational nursing students was (137.12±20.18). The scores of all dimensions of psychological capital were positively correlated with the professional attitude scores (P<0.05). The results of multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the self-efficacy and optimism dimensions of psychological capital showed significantly positive correlation with the professional attitude scores after adjusting for factors, such as grade levels, reasons for enrollment, academic performance, admiration for nursing predecessor, and the perceived status of nurses (R2=0.344, F=59.080, P<0.001). Conclusions The professional attitude of five-year higher vocational nursing students is at a moderately high level. Higher vocational colleges can improve students’ professional attitude with targeted training programs, thereby promoting the improvement of students’ psychological capital.

Objective To investigate the oral health status of college students in the oral clinic and the risk factors related to dental caries, and to provide a reference for promoting the oral health of college students. Methods A questionnaire survey and oral examination were conducted among college students in the oral clinic of Chenggong Campus Hospital of Yunnan University, from January to December 2023, with the methods of the Fourth National Oral Health Epidemiological Survey. The prevalence and distribution disparities of dental caries among college students were assessed. The potential risk factors of dental caries were investigated with binary logistic regression models. Results A total of 524 college students were enrolled. The prevalence of dental caries was 75.0%. The average number of decayed, filled, or missing teeth per person was 3.6, and the filling ratio of dental caries was 46.2%. Being female (OR=1.83, 95% CI: 1.22-2.75, P=0.004) and consuming sweet snacks/candies ≥ once a day (OR=2.23, 95% CI: 1.16-4.27, P=0.016) were risk factors for dental caries. Conclusions The dental caries is severely prevalent among college students in the oral clinic, and female students and the consumption of sweet snacks/candies are positively associated with dental caries. It is imperative to enhance oral health education for college students and develop comprehensive oral disease prevention strategies to minimize the incidence of dental caries.

Objective To understand the caries prevention effect of the free pit and fissure sealant program for the first permanent molars of school-age children, and to provide a scientific basis for formulating prevention and treatment strategies for caries of the first permanent molars. Methods A total of 3 956 students who had received the free pit and fissure sealant for their first permanent molars three years ago and 3 199 students who had received it four years ago were respectively selected in Dongguan for the examination of dental caries and the retention of sealants. Students in the same grade of the same school who met the indications for pit and fissure sealant but did not receive the sealant were set as the control group. The students in the sealant group were examined for dental caries of the first permanent molars and the retention of sealants, while the students in the control group were only examined for dental caries of the first permanent molars. Results The retention rate of 3-year sealing agent (65.5%) was higher than that of 4-year sealing agent (52.7%). The incidence of first permanent molar caries in the sealant group (7.6%) was lower than that in the non-sealant group (16.5%). The total protection rate of free pit and fissure sealant for school-aged children in Dongguan from 2017 to 2018 was 49.7%. The protection rate against dental caries of the first permanent molars for students four years after pit and fissure sealant was 44.2%, and the protective rate three years after pit and fissure sealant was 53.9%. Conclusion The pit and fissure sealant for the first permanent molars has remarkable effect on preventing dental caries and is a suitable technique for preventing dental caries in children.

Objective To analyze the factors related to the occurrence of dental caries in adolescents’ permanent teeth, and to construct a risk prediction model with a randomized forest algorithm. Methods A total of 361 cases from primary and secondary schools who underwent oral physical examination in the hospital from March 2022 to March 2023 were retrospectively enrolled. They were divided into the dental caries group (n=73) and the non-dental caries group (n=288). Data and the statistically significant indicators were analyzed by single-factor analysis, and multifactorial logistic regression analysis, respectively, for screening the risk factors. The R(R4.1.3) software was used to construct a risk prediction model for dental caries in adolescents’ permanent teeth with the randomized forest algorithm, and its predictive efficacy was analyzed. Results The multifactorial logistic regression analysis showed that the number of daily tooth-brushing, brushing duration each time, daily consumption of carbonated beverages, daily intake of sweets, irregular dental or oral checkups, eating before bedtime, and non-use of fluoridated toothpaste were the risk factors for developing dental caries in adolescents’ permanent teeth (P<0.05). The constructed model revealed that the ranking of factors affecting the dental caries in the permanent teeth were as follows: daily consumption of carbonated beverages, eating before bedtime, the number of daily tooth-brushing, non-use of fluoride toothpaste, daily intake of sweets, short brushing duration each time, and irregular dental or oral checkups. The randomized forest model predicted the AUC of permanent dental caries to be 0.770 (95% CI : 0.723-0.812). The logistic regression model predicted the AUC of permanent dental caries to be 0.716 ( 95%CI : 0.667-0.762). The AUC of the two models was compared with a delong test result of Z=2.416, P=0.0157. Conclusions Daily consumption of carbonated beverages, daily intake of sweets, eating before bedtime are the risk factors for dental caries in adolescents’ permanent teeth. Increasing the frequency of tooth-brushing, using fluoridated toothpaste, and having regular dental checkups can reducethe occurrence of dental caries in permanent teeth. The randomized forest model constructed in this study is highly accurate and provides a scientific basis for clinical prevention and treatment of dental caries in adolescents.

Objective To investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of school health management personnel in 15 Chinese cities regarding influenza prevention and control and the factors, and to provide targeted guidance for enhancing campus influenza preparedness. Methods A cross-sectional questionnaire survey from July to December 2024 was conducted using random cluster sampling for cities/schools across15 cities. School health managers were recruited for convenience sampling. Questionnaire were conducted for assessing knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to influenza prevention. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to analyze factors influencing KAP levels. Results A total of 2 892 valid questionnaires were collected. The overall KAP levels of school health management personnel were relatively high. However, significant regional and occupational disparities were observed. College-educated personnel exhibited superior knowledge levels (OR=2.83, 95%CI: 1.71-4.68, P<0.001), while lower levels were associated with Southwest China (OR=0.51, 95CI: 0.34-0.78,P=0.002), Northwest China (OR=0.47, 95%CI: 0.23-0.98,P=0.043), and non-core health management roles (OR=0.53, 95%CI: 0.36-0.79, P=0.002). For attitude compliance, college-educated personnel were a positive influencing factor (OR=1.75, 95%CI: 1.15-2.67,P=0.009), whereas Southwest China showed negative effects (OR=0.64, 95%CI: 0.47-0.87, P=0.005). Behavioral compliance was significantly higher in North China (OR=6.59, 95%CI: 3.29-13.20, P<0.001) and Northwest China (OR=3.28, 95%CI: 1.49-7.21, P=0.003). Lower behavioral compliance was observed among females (OR=0.65, 95%CI: 0.47-0.89, P=0.008), junior professionals (OR=0.73, 95%CI: 0.54-0.98, P=0.038), and intermediate professionals (OR=0.65, 95%CI: 0.47-0.90, P=0.009). Training was carried out in 90.92% of schools due to collaboration with health authorities, and 80.54% attributed their actions to education sector policy mandates. Conclusions The overall KAP level of school health managers in influenza prevention and control is high, but significant differences exist in regional resources, job roles, and educational backgrounds. Interdepartmental collaboration mechanisms and policy mandates are identified as the primary drivers for conducting training programs. To advance campus influenza management, future efforts should prioritize cross-sector coordination, equitable resource allocation across regions, role-specific training programs, and incentive systems that integrate prevention outcomes. These measures may facilitate a transition from passive response to a proactive prevention model.

Objective To investigate the associations between gut microbiota and the secondhand smoke-related obesity among children and adolescents, to identify specific bacterial genera/species related to both secondhand smoke exposure and obesity, and to reveal the gut microbiota mechanisms underlying the association between secondhand smoke exposure and obesity among children and adolescents. Methods Based on data from the “Huantai Childhood Cardiovascular Health Cohort Study” in 2021, a total of 44 obese children and 44 age- and gender-matched normal-weight children were randomly enrolled. The questionnaire surveys, physical measurements, and biological sample collection were applied. After log-transforming the gut microbiota data, multivariate linear regression models and logistic regression models were used to assess the associations between the gut microbiota and secondhand smoke-related obesity and its related indicators. Results After controlling for confounders, genera (such as UBA1819, UCG-005, Holdemania, Eisenbergiella, unclassified_ f_Eggerthellaceae, and Tyzzerella), specific species (such as uncultured_organism_g__UBA1819, unclassified_g__UCG-005, uncultured_bacterium_g__Holdemania, etc.), and OTUs belonging to the genera Butyricicoccus, Coprococcus, Eisenbergiella, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae were all associated with secondhand smoke exposure and related indicators of childhood obesity (all P<0.05). Moreover, these secondhand smoke-related bacterial genera had a high ability in identifying childhood obesity (AUC: 0.79-0.83). Conclusion Specific gut microbiota is associated with both secondhand smoke exposure and obesity or its related indicators, suggesting that gut microbiota homeostasis may play an important role in the association between secondhand smoke exposure and childhood obesity.