多巴胺(DA)是人体内极其重要的神经递质之一。自多巴胺被发现以来,它一直是科研工作者们研究的热点之一。科学家对多巴胺系统的研究通常被分为3个阶段:从1957年开始为与神经递质有关的阶段,其标志是瑞典科学家ArvidCarlsson提出的"多巴胺不仅仅是过去人们认为的去甲肾上腺素的前体,也是一种位于脑部的神经递质";Brown等于1972年发现多巴胺具有刺激腺苷酸环化酶的活性,据此提出存在多巴胺中枢受体概念,标志着对多巴胺研究进入受体有关的阶段;从1988年开始为分子阶段,其标志是Bunzow等首次克隆出第1个多巴胺受体——D2受体的基因,开拓了多巴胺受体研究的新领域。

<正>近年来,校园安全事件屡屡发生,随着《中华人民共和国食品安全法》的颁布,学校集体用餐单位的食品安全也越来越受到社会的关注。校园食品安全的好坏,不仅影响学校的教学秩序,也影响学生的身心健康和生命安全。如何保障食品安全,防止食物中毒和食源性疾病的发生,及时处理和防控食物中毒和食品污染事件,已成为当前学校卫生工作的重点。

目的了解广州市中学生性行为的现况,为制定预防和控制措施提供科学依据。方法2004年1～4月,采用分层整群抽样的方法,抽取广州市9所中学的学生进行问卷调查。结果调查对象有异性亲密朋友的比例为63.7%,被迫与人发生性行为的比例为1.3%,自愿地与人发生性行为的比例为4.5%,初中生高于高中生(P<0.05)。性伴侣的数量为2人及以上的比例为59.7%,男生高于女生(P<0.05)。性行为前喝酒或使用药物的比例为28.9%,使用安全套的比例为51.2%,曾怀孕或使别人怀孕的比例为21.3%,第1次性行为的年龄为11岁及以下的比例为23.3%。性别为女性、不知道HIV病因为性行为的危险因素,OR值分别为2.924、1.296,而年龄为保护因素,其OR值为0.858。结论应加强科学的生殖健康教育,帮助中学生树立正确的性观念,减少不安全性行为的发生率。

Now, the morbidity and mortality of lung carcinoma have been the highest among all the malignant tumors in the world, and in China, its mortality is the highest among all the malignant tumors. The early diagnosis and treatment are the important measures for lung carcinoma control. Along with the popularization of CT examinations, the patients found with lung ground-glass nodules (GGNs) are increasing day by day. The relationship between lung GGN and lung carcinoma, the diagnostic value of lung GGN on CT and its treatment strategy become hot research subjects. This article reviews the researches on the diagnostic value and treatment strategy of GGNs and obtains the main conclusions as following. Among the people who receive the physical examinations including thoracic CT, the detection rate of lung GGNs is above 10%, the rate in the female is higher than that in the male, and the rate increases with the age. The relationship between GGN and lung carcinoma is very associated. The low dose CT can find out most of lung GGNs and the examination almost does not hurt the body, therefore, it is worthy of popularization. The diagnosis of CT scans by the experienced radiologists is very consistent with the diagnosis of pathological examination, which means the diagnostic value of lung GGNs on CT is significant. The treatment strategy of lung GGNs mostly includes the regular follow-up mainly by chest CT and active treatment. The patients with lung GGNs who do not receive the surgery should be followed up at regular intervals, and the time of follow-up should be sufficiently long. Once the specific malignant signs are found, the follow-up should be stopped in time and the active treatment should begin. The most reliable treatment measure is thoracoscopic surgery, and after the surgery, the prognosis of the patient is very favorable. In addition, this article gives some suggestions of research subjects in the future.

With the transformation of society, the change of marriage concept and the impact of multiculturalism, the number of single parent families is increasing in China year by year, and the children of single parent families are also increasing. Entering into the primary school is a sign that the child begin to accept education, it is also an important turning point in the children's individual physical and mental development, the change of family structure will make the children produce many social and psychological adaptation problems. It is urgent to understand the mental health status of primary school pupils in single parent families, improve their personalities, and give comprehensive psychological assistance and interventions.

新冠肺炎疫情防控期间,人民群众生活秩序被打乱,居家生活、网课的单调性,与父母的冲突和大量的疫情信息等,对青少年心理、行为产生了深远影响。面对疫情,更应该正确把握青少年的心理活动特点及其规律,重视他们的心理健康教育,引导他们的心理朝着健康方向发展,为他们健康成长打下坚实的基础。　

Objective To improve on the X?ray diagnosis of lumbar spondylolisthesis. Methods The X?ray diagnostic documents of 120 lumbar spondylolisthesis cases were analyzed carefully. Results The lesion mainly involved in L3-L5 pyramid, and the most common spondylolisthesis was forward displacement, accounting for 80% (96 cases) and the backward displacement accounted for 20% (24 cases). Totally 108 cases (90%) had degree one olisthe, 9 cases (7.5%) had degree two olisthe, and 3 cases (2.5%) had degree three olisthe. Conclusion X?ray diagnosis is very important for spondylolisthesis evaluation, and it is very important for clinical diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

目的分析地塞米松+甲硝唑液对根管治疗中急症发生情况的影响。方法对需根管治疗的166例,188个患牙随机分为2组,分别应用地塞米松+甲硝唑液+氢氧化钙及单用氢氧化钙,观察不同时段各组急症发生情况,并进行统计分析。结果24 h、48 h及48 h以后地塞米松+甲硝唑液组97个牙急症发生率分别为10.31%,6.19%,2.06%;氢氧化钙91个患牙急症发生率分别为27.47%,13.19%,5.49%。结论地塞米松+甲硝唑液+氢氧化钙作为根管消毒剂,能明显降低根管治疗中急症发生率。

自身免疫性甲状腺疾病(AITD)包括Graves病、自身免疫性甲状腺炎、亚临床甲状腺功能异常。自身免疫性甲状腺疾病是由遗传和环境因素相互作用所导致自身免疫性功能障碍所致的疾病。AITD的发病是由基因的易感性、环境因素、以及自身免疫功能障碍综合作用的结果。在过去的10年中,AITD临床领域有一些新的诊断、治疗方法及临床共识。更新的临床指南可指导医务人员采用更加适当的治疗方法。在这篇综述中,我们重点关注AITD疾病中遗传和环境的致病机制,并更新了AITD的管理临床指南。我们还讨论了其他方面问题,如亚临床甲状腺功能异常等方面进行管理,使用甲状腺素治疗自身免疫性甲状腺功能减退,复发性Graves甲亢长期抗甲状腺药物治疗的风险评估,以及未来临床研究的方向。

在通信技术越来越发达的现代社会,手机已经越来越普及。据统计,中国制造了全球超过1/3的手机,销售了全球10%以上的手机。移动电话及其基站的电磁辐射已成为一种新型特殊的环境污染电磁场,这种射频电磁场对人类健康的危害已引起人们越来越多的关注,各国科研人员就这个有争

本文对上海市杨浦区18所中小学校5553名男生的外生殖器疾患及卫生状况进行调查,发现522人患各种疾病,其中主要为包茎,占8.18％,男性青少年外生殖器的卫生状况令人担忧,有包皮垢者占62.1％,本文分析了外生殖器卫生状况差的原因,提出了改善卫生状况的措施。

目的 分析住院患者跌倒、坠床的原因、类型,为降低跌倒、坠床发生率提供有效的预防措施。方法 对2017年1月—2017年12月发生的41例跌倒、坠床住院患者进行回顾性的分析。结果 年龄、如厕、夜班和凌晨等因素是发生跌倒、坠床的主要原因;患有心血管疾病、血液疾病、肾内科的患者跌倒、坠床发生率显著高于其他基础病患者。结论 通过对住院患者跌倒的相关因素进行分析,针对易发生跌倒、坠床的高风险因素进行护理干预,能有效地预防住院患者跌倒、坠床的发生。

Objective To investigate the current situation of sleep procrastination behavior of college students in Qiqihar City through a cross-sectional survey, to explore the relevant factors affecting sleep delay, to understand the adverse effects of sleep procrastination, and to promote the formation of correct work and rest concepts among college students, so as to provide evidence and reference for improving college students’ sleep procrastination behavior and improving learning and workability in the future. Methods From January to March 2022, a random questionnaire survey was conducted on sleep quality and sleep procrastination behavior, and self-control of 839 college students in Qiqihar City in the form of questionnaire stars. Results In this study, 54.14% of college students’ sleep types tended to sleep late. The sleep quality score was (1.18±0.93), which was at the lower middle level, and the difference in sleep quality was statistically significant among professional types (F=4.487, P<0.001). The overall score of sleep procrastination among college students was (3.34±0.61), which was at the upper moderate level, and there was no significant difference in sleep procrastination scale scores in the two variables of sex and whether or not they were children or only a child (P>0.05). The ANOVA results showed that there were significant differences in scores among major types (F=2.609, P=0.034) and different grades (F=3.354, P=0.007). The production of students’ sleep procrastination behavior was mainly affected by electronic devices and entertainment activities, watching videos and playing games ranked first, accounting for 21.81%, followed by chatting, drinking tea and coffee, repeatedly thinking about something, accounting for 14.05%, 12.88%, 12.66%, respectively, and finally in terms of entertainment activities, social software, online shopping, accounting for 10.01% and 8.58% respectively. Regression analysis showed that college students’ self-con-trol ability was an important influencing factor in sleep procrastination, and the three dimensions of resisting temptation, healthy habits, and abstinence from entertainment could explain 6.8% of sleep procrastination. Conclusion The sleep procrastination behavior of 839 college students surveyed is relatively serious, and the main factors leading to sleep procrastination are insufficient self-control, unable to resist the temptation of the outside world, leading to excessive online games and socialization, and procrastination. Sleep delay in college students can have a significant impact on the time to fall asleep and the quality of sleep.

目的比较云南白药气雾剂及扶他林软膏治疗踝关节扭伤的疗效观察。方法对照组用扶他林软膏治疗,观察组用云南白药气雾剂治疗。比较两组,临床症状、体症消失时间。结果云南白药气雾剂治疗踝关节扭伤治愈率为72.7%,总有效率为97%,对照组治愈率为48.3%,总有效率为75.9%,两组比较治愈率和总有效率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论用云南白药气雾剂治疗踝关节扭伤明显优于扶他林软膏。

<正>心理亚健康是指机体在内外环境的不良刺激下引起心理发生异常变化,但尚未达到明显病理性反应程度的一种状态确切地讲,它是介于心理健康与心理疾病之间的一种状态,是一个动态的过程。心理亚健康是亚健康的核心内容之一,又是诱发亚健康的重要因素,其主要表现有精神紧张、焦虑不安、孤独自卑、忧郁苦闷、情绪低落、易感疲劳,精力下降、失眠、记忆力减退、烦躁、易怒等。大学生是亚健康的高发人群

目的探讨大学生睡眠质量及其影响因素。方法采用睡眠质量调查表,焦虑、抑郁自评量表,睡眠影响因素调查表对292名大学生进行调查。结果大学生睡眠质量得分为36.22±4.44,其中睡眠差者占10.6％,睡眠好者占20.2％;睡眠质量得分与焦虑、抑郁关系密切;影响睡眠质量的主、客观因素以忧虑未来、睡眠环境影响及学习压力为多。结论矫治情绪障碍、避免和减少各种心理冲突、改善睡眠环境将有利于提高睡眠质量。

目的为提高青少年的心理健康提供参考依据,更好的提高青少年的心理健康水平。方法本研究主要采取文献综述法,剖析1999～2009年10年间关于青少年心理行为问题的研究。结果列示目前青少年心理行为问题的类型以及产生原因,目前用于调查青少年心理行为问题的测量工具和青少年心理行为问题的干预措施。结论学校、家庭、社会相互配合,才能为青少年的心理发展创造良好的环境。

目的研究眼表疾病指数量表在大学生干眼诊断和筛查中的应用价值。方法对门诊诉眼干的88名在校大学生进行眼表疾病指数量表(OSDI)调查、泪膜破裂时间(BUT)、泪流分泌试验(SIT)以及角膜荧光素染色等相关干眼检查。先根据干眼的有无及严重程度分为无干眼组和轻中重干眼组,比较各组间OSDI评分。再用OSDI得分将其分为无干眼症状组和轻中重干眼症状组,比较各组间干眼相关检查结果的差异。结果在不同程度的干眼体征组之间,OSDI量表所得评分的差异有统计学意义(F=12.60,P<0.01),且随体征加重而增加。在不同程度干眼症状组间,SIT、Fl评分差异有统计学意义,BUT差异无统计学意义。结论眼表疾病指数量表在大学生干眼中既可用于诊断,也可用于评估干眼严重程度,可用于规模化筛查。